Background and Aim: Today several materials have been used for Root- end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of Pro Root MTA in in-vitro and in-vivo studies have been proven. On the other hand, based on some studies, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA) and Portland cement are similar to Pro Root MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of four Root- end filling materials. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, seventy six extracted single- Rooted human teeth were randomly divided into six groups for Root-end filling with gray Pro Root MTA, white Pro Root MTA, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA), Portland Cement (type I) and positive and negative control groups. Root canals were instrumented using the step- back technique. Root- end filling materials were placed in 3mm ultra sonic retro preparations. Samples and microleakage model system were sterilized in autoclave. The apical 3-4 mm of the Roots were immersed in phenol red with 3% lactose broth culture medium. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 24h with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). Culture media were observed every 24h for color change indicating bacterial contamination for 60 days. Statistical analysis was performed using log- rank test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: At the end of study 50%, 56.25%, 56.25% and 50% of specimens filled with Gray Pro Root MTA, White Pro Root MTA. Root MTA and Portland Cement (type I) had evidence of leakage respectively. The mean leakage time was 37.19±6.29, 36.44±5.81, 37.69±5.97 and 34.81±6.67 days respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference among the leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of the four tested Root- end filling materials (P=0.9958). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there were no significant differences in leakage among the four tested groups at 60 days. The results suggest that Root MTA and Portland Cement can be used as less expensive Root filling materials.

Background: Determination of working length has great significance in Root canal treatments. For this purpose, analog radiography has been replaced by digital radiography. Despite numerous studies, there is still no accurate information about the resolution of these images.Objectives: Theaimof this study was to assess the accuracy of working length determination in Root canal treatment using different algorithms in digital radiography.Materials and Methods: Using an analytical-diagnostic method, an access cavity was prepared in 36 mandibular and maxillary premolar teeth. A file # 15 was inserted into the canal of each tooth until the tip of the file was observed, then the files were retracted 0.5 mm. The teeth were then placed in an acrylic block, and finally, a radiograph was taken of the blocks. Thereafter, the file in each canal was taken out and measured using a digital caliper. The obtained measurement was the real length of the file. The saved images underwent modifications using different algorithms of image processing. The working length was observed on a monitor under standard conditions. Data were analyzed by t- test using SPSS (ver.17).Results: Based on the findings of this study, no significant difference was observed between the main image, the images processed with the emboss, enhancement, sharpen, and negative algorithms, and the actual file size regarding the means of error. None of the indices had a statistically significant difference with the actual file length (P>0.05).Conclusions: According to the results of this study, the accuracy of the file length in improved digital images showed no significant difference in comparison with the actual file length.

Background and Aim: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a material used in many endodontic problems.Recently a number of studies have reported that Portland Cement (PC) and MTA have similar physical, chemical and biologic properties. In addition, a material known as Root MTA which is produced in Iran has been claimed to have similar properties to Pro Root MTA. If these claims are true, possible use of PC and Root MTA in clinic instead of Pro Root MTA will be quite cost effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Pro Root MTA, Root MTA and Portland Cement on L929 mouse fibroblasts.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 0, 4, 24 hours and 7 days' extracts of materials were transferred to cell culture plates containing L929 fibroblasts. After 24 hours incubation, cells were stained by Neutral Red (NR), and optical density (OD) of each cell was read with ELISA reader. Data were analyzed using Tukey HSD and one way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: In all surveyed groups and negative control group, at all time points separated cells from the base of the well were round. Refraction which is a characteristic of cellular death was not observed, whereas the separated cells from the base of well in positive control group showed refractional characteristic.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study Pro Root MTA, PC and Root MTA have the same biocompatibility. PC seems to have the potential to be used in the same clinical situation as MTA. However in order to replace MTA with these less expensive materials more in vitro and in vivo studies are suggested.

Plant Root system has an important role in crop production. It is well known that Roots assist as an anchor to the plant and water and nutrients absorption which are necessary for plant survival and growth. In order to evaluate the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi under different levels of phosphorous chemical fertilizer application, an experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University in 2015. Experimental factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Keras Sablan and (Saji) and chemical and biological fertilizers (1-without application of phosphorous, 2-100% phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 3-pseudomonas putida(strain 168), 4-Funeliformis mosseae, 5-P. putida + F. mosseae, 6-P. putida + F. mosseae + 50% of phosphorous chemical fertilizer, 7-P. putida + 50% of phosphorous chemical fertilizer and 8-F. mosseae + 50% of phosphorous chemical fertilizer). Results showed that fertilizer sources had significant and positive effect on Root system in wheat cultivars and seminal Roots number, nodal Roots number, sub-nodal number, seminal Roots length, nodal Roots length and sub-nodal Roots length, Root length density, Root specific density, Root volume density and Root area density increased significantly. Maximum Root number and Root length (13. 3 and 397. 2 cm), Root length density (0. 75 cm Root/cm-3soil), Root area (150. 3 cm-2), Root volume density (0. 010 g Root fresh weight) and Root area density (166. 7 cm-2/g) observed in Saji cultivar ×F. mosseae +50 % of phosphorous fertilizer treatment but the minimum Root system characteristics detected in Keras Sablan cultivar× control treatment.

The response of Root to water stress is one of the most important parameters for researchers. Study of growth and distribution of Root under different irrigation managements help sresearchers to a better understanding of soil water content, and the availability of water and nutrition in water stress condition. To investigate the effects off our levels of irrigation under two different deficit irrigation managements on the Root length of maize, a study was conducted in 2009. Irrigation managements included fixed irrigation interval-variable irrigation depth (M1) and variable irrigation interval-fixed irrigation depth (M2). Maize plants were planted in 120 large 110-litercontainers in a strip-plot design in a randomized complete block with three replications. Root data sampling was done after Root washing in five growth stages. The results showed that the effect of irrigation levels on Root length was significant (P<0.05) under both managements. The maximum Root length was 4.61 and 4.64 Km perm3 of soil profile in M1 and M2, respectively in the depth of 0-70 cm of soil profile which was observed in full irrigation treatment at milk stage. The results indicated that Root length in mild-deficit-irrigation level was moreth an Root length in moderate and mild-deficit-irrigation levels. The response of Root maize to water stress wasmore severe in variable-irrigation-interval management and the same amount of reduction in applied water resulted in more decrease in Root length under variable-irrigation-interval than fixed-irrigation-interval management. Therefore, due to the importance of Root length as one of the most important characteristics of growth indices in maize to determine the amount of water absorption, determination of the optimum level of water stress and selection of an appropriate deficit-irrigation management can increase water use efficiency as well as maize yield.

Introduction Success in endodontic treatment depends on various factors. Among the most important factors, appropriate preparation of the Root canal system and kecping periapical region intact as much as possible could be mentioned. These are achieved by determining the penetration depth of the instruments into the canal i.e. the working length. Several methods are introduced for working length determination. The most popular techniques in this regard are the use of conventional radiography and electronic apex locators. A new type of apex locator is the Root ZX.The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy rate of Root ZX apex locator with the conventional radiography.Materials and Methods The working length of thirty extracted single Rooted teeth were determined by means of Root ZX and conventional radiography then compared with the actual working lengths measured by the stereomicroscope.Results The results showed there was statistically significant difference between the length determined by the Root ZX and stereomicroscope. In addition, the radiographic and stereomicroscopic working lengths had statistically significant differences as well. There was also significant difference between the lengths measured by the Root ZX and radiography.Conclusion It is recommended to use the Root ZX and radiography both together to reach the most accurate working length.

Introduction: Considering the good geometry and possibility of simultaneous observation of the Roots of the maxillary and mandibular molars in vertical bitewing radiography, the present study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of vertical bitewing radiography in determination of Root length of maxillary primary molars.Material & Methods: One hundred first primary molars and forty second primary molars which were planned to be extracted for reasons other than this study, were used in this cross-sectional study. All radiographs were taken by a radiologist with vertical bitewing technique using XCP pediatric bitewing film holder. The Root length was measured from the highest visible point of the occlusal surface to the most apical point of the Root using caliper with accuracy of 0.1 mm. After removing the teeth, the length of each Root was measured from the highest point at the occlusal surface to the tip of the Root. Data were entered into SPSS 20 and analyzed using Pearson correlation and one sample t-test. Significance level was considered as 0.05.Results: According to the results of one sample t-test, although the Root length was estimated slightly higher than the actual size in all cases, the difference was significant only for distobuccal Root of the first primary molar (P˂0.05). The results of Pearson correlation test showed that in 95% of cases, the true Root length values were consistent with those measured by radiography.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, except for distobuccal Root of first primary molar, the vertical bitewing could precisely determine the Root length of primary molars.

Aim: Determining and remaining within the confines of the working length of the Root canal during instrumentation are recurrent problems in endodontics. Currently, electroniv apex locators are being used to determine working length and hence, decrease the number of radiographs taken. The purpose of this study is to compare clinically the radiography and an electronic apex locator "apex finder".Method & Material: In this invitro study, 140 Root canal (in 99 teeth), were measured by the apex-finder and then radiographed. The working lengths obtained by the apex-finder and those obtained by radiographs were recorded and compared. In addition, this study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of intracanal conditions (dryness or wetness), pulp and periapical status, patient's age and type of teeth, on the Root canal length measurements.Results: In 79.3% of the Root canals (at least in one of dry or wet conditions), the apex- finder measurements were within ±0.5 mm of the radiographic findings. Furthermore, intracanal conditions have influenced the validity of findings, but not the other factors.Conclusion: Apex finder with good accuracy is useful for determining working length of the Root canal in pregnant women, disorder muscle patent with complex Root anatomy. Application of this apex finder recommend for determining canal length.